semanticmeaning的简单介绍

本文目录一览：

• 1、语意和语义?
• 2、03语用意义
• 3、semantic meaning是什么意思

语意和语义?

语意和语义

语意和语义（学）又是怎么回事呢？前者，我理解，就是“言语的意思“；后者呢，实际上没有“语义”这个名词，只销橡培有“语义学”。当使用"语义"这个词时它是作为形容词来用的，意思是“语义学的“，或者“语义学上的”，或者“语义学意义上的”。由于这些用法显得很啰嗦，就简化成了“语义”。又由于，在中文里，“语意亏唯”和“语义”不仅发音相同，组成它们的字的意思都（可以认为）相同，于是就容易混淆。

不巧的是，在英文里，同样存在混淆。本来可以没事的，如戚semantics是语义学，meaning是语意，很好。但是meaning这个词意思太广泛，而在语言哲学中又有专门的用途，估计因为这个，英文里semantic的意思有“related to meaning, especially meaning in language" 和 “ relating to, or according to the science of semantics.”。就是说，在英文里，semantic这个形容词有相当于中文“语意的“和“语义的“两个意思。所以老外也容易搞混，这可以从英文文献里看出来。

03语用意义

Chapter 3Pragmatic Meaning

2017.9.20

Semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning

Semantic meaning is a conventionized formof meaning. Words mean certain things by generally accepted convention. e.g.dog- a certain kind of animal.

Pragmatic meaning is distinctlynon-conventional in nature, it is the meaning of a word used in certaincontext. (meaning in use or meaning in context)

Context

Two types of contexts:

1. Linguistic (verbal) context (言语): words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or wholebooks in which a word appears.

Linguistic context can be further divided

into：Lexical context and Grammatical context

2. Extra-linguistic context: the actual

speech situation in which a word is used.指语言以外的因素

The

importance of context in eliminating ambiguity

Ambiguity refers to a word, a phrase, asentence with more than one possible meaning.Ambiguity may be caused by

1. Polysemy

(一词多义).

He painted a tree.

to put paint on a surface; to make a

picture

2. Homonymy (同音/同形异义). Two words look alike or sound alike, but differ inmeaning

The ball was attractive.

3. Grammatical structure.

Visiting relatives may be boring.

Characteristics of Pragmatic Meaning

1. Etymological subsidiarity原词附属性

The pragmatic meaning of a word is closelyrelated to its original meaning, pronunciation, and form.

2. Subjective experientiality主观体轿液猛验性

Pragmatic meaning carries strong personalfeeling because of different individual's personal experience.

3. Meaning uncertainty意义不闭桥埋团确定性

Pragmatic meaning is uncertain when factorssuch as age, nationality, time, place, etc. are involved.

Pragmatic narrowing: Narrowing is the casewhere a word is used to convey a more specific sense than the encoded one.

At Christmas, the bird was delicious. (turkey)

Pragmatic broadening: a word is used toconvey a more general sense.

They are thirsty to death.扩展了thirsty的意义，夸大了渴的程度。

4.Conceptual temporality概念临时性

When the meaning of a word is deviated from

its basic meaning, then concept adjustment is needed according to the context

because the specific meaning of this word relies completely on the context.在特定语境中产生的语用意义，临时的，会随着语境的消失而不复存在。

e.g. I will ask her about it this weekend.

I, her, it, this weekend为特定语境中所指信息，只有联系语境，才能理解以上词语的真正语用含义。

5. Contextual interdependency语境共生性

Pragmatic meaning is the meaning incontext, so context plays an important role in determining the pragmaticmeaning of a word. Here context not only refers to the sentence or paragraphwhere the word appears, but also the actual speech situation or even the wholecultural background.

Classification of Pragmatic meaning

1. Imitative meaning仿义型

2. Opposite meaning反义型(irony)

3.Broadened or narrowed meaning增减型

4.Distortional meaning畸变型

Communicative Function of Pragmatic Meaning

1. Constructing rhetorical devices

2. Explaining anomalous phenomenon

3. Expressing individual feelings

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semantic meaning是什么意思

语言中最小的不可再分的意义纳缺单位是词素morpheme(又可称禅猜为形位、语素等)。词素是抽象的，它是通贺茄型过词素形式morph表现出来的。词素还具有变体形式，在语言学中称为词素变体allomorph。?\r\n\r\nmorph语素形式\\/词素形式

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