包含semiconductorstocks的词条

本文目录一览：

• 1、能不能告诉我一些职称的英文名
• 2、毕业论文翻译
• 3、纳斯达克指数是指什么？
• 4、公司的官职级别的英语
• 5、OPS是什么的简称或缩写呢？请各位大虾指教。
• 6、《自然》（20220317出版）一周论文导读

能不能告诉我一些职称的英文名

文教、科技有关部门常见职衔与职称英文翻译

（大学）校长 President/Chancellor

（大学）副校长 Vice President

（大学）代理校长 Acting President

（中学）校长 Principal

（小学）校长 Head /Master

学院院长 Dean of College/Head of College

教务长 Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs

总务长 Director in Charge of General Affairs

系主任 Department Chairman /Department Head

教研室主任 Head of the Teaching and Research Section

实验室主任 Laboratory Chief

教导主任 Director of Teaching and

班主任 Discipline Class Adviser/Head Teacher

教授 Professor

副教授 Associate Professor

客座教授 Visiting Professor/Guest Professor

兼职教授 Part-time Professor

名誉教授 Honorary Professor

终身教授 Lifetime Professor

外籍教授 Foreign Professor

研究生指导教师 Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor

讲师 Lecturer/Instructor

助教 Teaching Assistant (T.A.)

实验员 Laboratory Technician

图书馆员 Librarian

研究所所长 Institute Director

研究员 Research Fellow/Researcher

副研究员 Associate Research Fellow / Associate Researcher

助研 Research Assistant

资料员 Data Processor

总工程师 Chief Engineer

副总工程师 Assistant Chief Engineer

高级工程师 Senior Engineer

工程师 Engineer

助工 Assistant Engineer

技术员 Technician

技师 Skilled Technician

董事长 Chairman of the Board /Chairman

董事/理事 Director

副董事 Associate Director

高级会计师 Senior Accountant

注册会计师(美国)Chartered Accountant

注册会计师(美国)Certified Public Accountant(CPA)

助理会计师 Assistant Accountant

主任会计 Chief Accountant

高级经济师 Senior Economic Manger / Senior Economist

经济师 Economic Manager /Economist

建筑师 Architect

规划师 Planner

设计师 Designer

农艺师 Agronomist

律师 Lawyer/ Attorney

主任记者 Chief Reporter

记者 Reporter

总编辑 Editor in Chief

编辑 Editor

助理编辑 Assistant Editor

内科主任 Head of the Medical Department

外科主任 Head of the Surgical Department

主治大夫 Attending Doctor/Physician-in-Charge

护士长 Head Nurse

药剂师 Pharmacist

麻醉师 Anaesthetist

——————————————————————————————————

办公室职务职称中英文对照

计算机/互联网/通讯 Technology/Internet

首席技术执行官 CTO/VP Engineering

技术总监/经理 Technical Director/Manager

信息技术经理 IT Manager

信息技术主管 IT Supervisor

信息技术专员 IT Specialist

项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor

项目执行/协调人员 Project Specialist / Coordinator

系统分析员 System Analyst

高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer

软件工程师 Software Engineer

系统工程师 System Engineer

高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer

硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer

通信技术工程师 Communications Engineer

ERP技术/应用顾问 ERP Technical/Application Consultant

数据库工程师 Database Engineer

技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager

技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer

品质经理 QA Manager

信息安全工程师 Information Security Engineer

软件测试工程师 Software QA Engineer

硬件测试工程师 Hardware QA Engineer

测试员 Test Engineer

网站营运经理/主管 Web Operations Manager/Supervisor

网络工程师 Network Engineer

系统管理员/网管 System Manager/Webmaster

网页设计/制作 Web Designer/Production

技术文员/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant

销售 Sales

销售总监 Sales Director

销售经理 Sales Manager

区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager

客户经理 Sales Account Manager

渠道/分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager

渠道主管 Channel Supervisor

销售主管 Sales Supervisor

销售代表 Sales Representative / Executive

销售工程师 Sales Engineer

医药代表 Pharmaceutical Sales Representative

保险代理 Insurance Agent

销售助理 Sales Assistant / Trainee

商务经理 Business Manager

商务专员/助理 Business Executive/Assistant

销售行政经理 Sales Admin. Manager

销售行政主管 Sales Admin. Supervisor

售前/售后技术服务经理 Technical Service Manager

售前/售后技术服务主管 Technical Service Supervisor

售前/售后技术服务工程师 Technical Service Engineer

售后/客户服务（非技术）经理 Customer Service Manager

售后/客户服务（非技术）主管 Customer Service Supervisor

售后/客户服务（非技术）专员 Customer Service Executive

经销商 Distributor

——————————————————————————————————

职称中英文对照^最新职能分类

计算机硬件 Computer, Hardware

高级硬件工程师 Senior Hardware Engineer

硬件工程师 Hardware Engineer

其他 Others

计算机软件 Computer, Software

高级软件工程师 Senior Software Engineer

软件工程师 Software Engineer

ERP技术/开发应用 ERP Application RD/Implementation

系统集成工程师 System Integration Engineer

系统分析员 System Analyst

系统工程师 System Engineer

数据库工程师/管理员 Database Engineer/Administrator

计算机辅助设计工程师 Computer Aided Design Engineer

其他 Others

互联网开发及应用 Internet

互联网软件开发工程师 Internet/E-Commerce Software Engineer

多媒体/游戏开发工程师 Multimedia/Game Development Engineer

网站营运经理/主管 Web Operations Manager/Supervisor

网络工程师 Network Engineer

系统管理员/网络管理员 System Manager/Webmaster

网站策划 Web Producer

网站编辑 Web Editor

网页设计/制作/美工 Web Designer/Production/Creative

网络信息安全工程师 Information Security Engineer

智能大厦/综合布线 Intelligent Building/Structure Cabling

其他 Others

IT-管理 IT-Management

首席技术执行官CTO/首席信息官CIO Chief Technology Officer CTO/Chief Information Officer CIO

技术总监/经理 Technical Director/Manager

信息技术经理/主管 IT Manager/Supervisor

信息技术专员 IT Specialist

项目总监 Project Director

项目经理 Project Manager

项目主管 Project Supervisor

项目执行/协调人员 Project Specialist / Coordinator

其他 Others

IT-品管、技术支持及其它 IT-QA, Technical Support...

技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager

技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer

计量工程师 Measure Engineer

标准化工程师 Standardization Engineer

品质经理 Quality Assurance QA Manager

系统测试 Systems Testing QA

软件测试 Software Testing QA

硬件测试 Hardware Testing QA

测试员 Test Engineer /Tester

技术文员/助理 Technical Clerk/Assistant

其他 Others

通信技术 Communication Technology

通信技术工程师 Communication Engineer

有线传输工程师 Wired Transmission Engineer

无线通信工程师 Wireless Communication Engineer

电信交换工程师 Telecommunication Exchange Engineer

数据通信工程师 Data Communication Engineer

移动通信工程师 Mobile Communication Engineer

电信网络工程师 Telecommunication Network Engineer

通信电源工程师 Communication Power Supply Engineer

其他 Others

电子/电器/半导体/仪器仪表 Electronics/Wiring/Semiconductor/Instrument/Industry

集成电路IC设计/应用工程师 IC Design/Application Engineer

IC验证工程师 IC Verification Engineer

电子工程师/技术员 Electronics Engineer

电气工程师/技术员 Electrical Engineer

电路工程师/技术员 Electronic Circuit Engineer

电声/音响工程师/技术员 Electroacoustics Engineer

半导体技术 Semiconductor Technology

自动控制工程师/技术员 Autocontrol Engineer/Technician

电子软件开发(ARM/MCU...) Electronics Software (ARM/MCU…)

嵌入式软件开发(Linux/单片机/DLC/DSP…) Embedded Software Engineer (Linux/SCM/DLC/DSP…)

电池/电源开发 Battery/Power Engineer

FAE 现场应用工程师 Field Application Engineer (FAE)

家用电器/数码产品研发 Household Electronics/Digital Products Development

仪器/仪表/计量 Instrument/Measurement

测试工程师 Quality Testing Engineer

其他 Others

销售管理 Sales Management

销售总监 Sales Director

销售经理 Sales Manager

销售主管 Sales Supervisor

渠道/分销经理 Channel/Distribution Manager

渠道/分销主管 Channel/Distribution Supervisor

客户经理 Sales Account Manager

区域销售总监 Regional Sales Director

区域销售经理 Regional Sales Manager

其他 Others

销售人员 Salespersons

销售代表 Sales Representative / Executive

渠道/分销专员 Channel/Distribution Representative

客户代表 Sales Account Representative

销售工程师 Sales Engineer

电话销售 Telesales

经销商 Distributor

其他 Others

销售行政及商务 Sales Administration

销售行政经理/主管 Sales Admin. Manager/Supervisor

销售行政专员/助理 Sales Admin. Executive/Assistant

商务经理 Business Manager

商务主管/专员 Business Supervisor/Executive

商务助理 Business Assistant

销售助理 Sales Assistant / Trainee

其他 Others

客服及技术支持 Customer Service and Technical Support

客服总监（非技术） Customer Service Director

客服经理（非技术） Customer Service Manager

客服主管（非技术） Customer Service Supervisor

客服专员/助理（非技术） Customer Service Executive/Assistant

售前/售后技术支持经理 Technical Support Manager

售前/售后技术支持主管 Technical Support Supervisor

售前/售后技术支持工程师 Technical Support Engineer

咨询热线/呼叫中心服务人员 Customer Hot Line/Call Center Staff

其他 Others

财务/审计/税务 Finance/Accounting/Audit/Tax

首席财务官 CFO Chief Financial Officer CFO

财务总监 Finance Director

财务经理 Finance Manager

财务顾问 Finance Consultant

财务主管/总帐主管 Finance Supervisor

会计经理/会计主管 Accounting Manager/Supervisor

会计 Accountant / Accounting Trainee

出纳员 Cashier

财务/会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant

财务分析经理/主管 Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor

财务分析员 Financial Analyst

成本经理/成本主管 Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor

成本管理员 Cost Accounting Specialist

审计经理/主管 Audit Manager/Supervisor

审计专员/助理 Audit Executive/Assistant

税务经理/税务主管 Tax Manager/Supervisor

税务专员/助理 Tax Executive/Assistant

统计员 Statistician

其他 Others

证券/金融/投资 Securities/Finance/Investment

证券/期货/外汇经纪人 Securities Broker

证券分析师 Securities Analyst

股票/期货操盘手 Stocks/Futures Operator

金融/经济研究员 Financial Analyst/Economist

投资/基金项目经理 Investment Manager/Fund Manager

投资/理财顾问 Investment/Financial Management Advisor

投资银行业务 Investment Banking Specialist

融资经理/融资主管 Treasury Manager/Supervisor

融资专员 Treasury Specialist

拍卖师 Auction

其他 Others

银行 Banks

行长/副行长 President/Vice-President/Branch Manager

资产评估/分析 Assets Valuation/Analyst

风险控制 Risk Management

信贷管理/信用调查/分析人员 Loan/Credit Officer

进出口/信用证结算 Trading / LC Officer

外汇交易 Foreign Exchange

清算人员 Settlement Officer

高级客户经理/客户经理 Senior Relationship Manager

客户主管/专员 Relationship Supervisor/Executive

银行柜员 Bank Teller

银行卡、电子银行业务推广 Credit Card/E-banking business Develop

其他 Others

保险 Insurance

保险精算师 Actuary

保险产品开发/项目策划 Product Development/Planner

保险业务经理/主管 Business Manager/Supervisor

保险代理/经纪人/客户经理 Agent/Broker/Account Manager

理财顾问/财务规划师 Financial Advisor/Financial Planner

储备经理人 Agency Management Associate

保险核保 Underwriting

保险理赔 Claim Management

保险客户服务/续期管理 Customer Service

保险培训师 Trainer

保险内勤 Staff

其他 Others

生产/营运 Manufacturing/Operation

工厂经理/厂长 Plant/Factory Manager

总工程师/副总工程师 Chief Engineer

项目经理/主管 Project Manager/Supervisor

项目工程师 Project Engineer

营运经理 Operations Manager

营运主管 Operations Supervisor

生产经理/车间主任 Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor

生产计划协调员 Production Planning Executive/Officer

生产主管/督导/领班 Production Supervisor/Team Leader

化验员 Laboratory Technician

其他 Others

质量/安全管理 Quality/Safety Management

质量管理/测试经理(QA/QC经理) QA/QC Manager

质量管理/测试主管(QA/QC主管) QA/QC Supervisor

质量管理/测试工程师(QA/QC工程师) QA/QC Engineer

质量检验员/测试员 Quality Inspector/Tester

可靠度工程师 Reliability Engineer

故障分析工程师 Failure Analysis Engineer

认证工程师/审核员 Certification Engineer/Auditor

体系工程师/审核员 Systems Engineer/Auditor

安全/健康/环境经理/主管 Safety/Health/Environmental Manager/Supervisor

安全/健康/环境工程师 Safety/Health/Environmental Engineer

供应商管理 Supplier/Vendor Management

采购材料、设备质量管理 Supplies Equipment Quality Management

其他 Others

工程/机械/能源 Engineering/Mechanical/Energy

技术研发经理/主管 Technical Design Mgr./Spvr.

技术研发工程师 Technical Design Engineer

产品工艺/制程工程师 Process Engineer

产品规划工程师 Product Planing Engineer

实验室负责人/工程师 Lab Manager/Engineer

工程/设备经理 Engineering/Facility Manager

工程/设备主管 Engineering/Facility Supervisor

工程/设备工程师 Engineering/Facility Engineer

工程/机械绘图员 Project Drafting Specialist/Mechanical Drawing

工业工程师 Industrial Engineer

机械工程师 Mechanical Engineer

结构工程师 Structrual Engineer

模具工程师 Tooling Engineer

机电工程师 Electrical Mechanical Engineer

维修工程师 Maintenance Engineer

铸造/锻造工程师 Casting/Forging Engineer

注塑工程师 Injection Engineer

焊接工程师 Welding Engineer

夹具工程师 Clamp Engineer

CNC工程师 CNC Engineer

冲压工程师 Punch Engineer

锅炉工程师 Boiler Engineer

电力工程师/技术员 Electric Power Engineer

光源与照明工程 Lighting Engineer

汽车/摩托车工程师 Automotive Engineer

船舶工程师 Shipping Engineer

飞行器设计与制造 Aircraft Design Manufacture

其他 Others

技工 Technician / Engineer Trainee

技工 Technician / Engineer Trainee

钳工/机修工/钣金工 Locksmith/Mechanic/Repairer

电焊工/铆焊工 Electric Welding Worker

车工/磨工/铣工/冲压工/锣工 Latheman/Grinder/Miller/Puncher/Turner

模具工 Mould Worker

电工 Electrician

叉车工 Forklift Worker

空调工/电梯工/锅炉工 Air-Condition Worker/Lift Worker/Steam Worker

水工/木工/油漆工 Plumber/Carpenter/Painter

普工 General Worker

裁剪车缝熨烫 Tailor

汽车修理工 Auto Repairing

其他 Others

服装/纺织/皮革 Apparels/Textiles/Leather Goods

服装/纺织设计 Fashion/Textiles Designer

面料辅料开发 Fabric/Accessories Development

面料辅料采购 Fabric/Accessories Purchasing

服装/纺织/皮革跟单 Apparels/Textiles/Leather Goods Merchandiser

质量管理/验货员(QA/QC) Quality Management QA/QC

板房/楦头/底格出格师 Shoe Tree Design

服装打样/制版 Apparels Sample Production

纸样师/车板工 Paper Sample

裁床 Cut Bed

其他 Others

采购 Purchasing

采购总监 Purchasing Director

采购经理 Purchasing Manager

采购主管 Purchasing Supervisor

采购员 Purchasing Specialist/Staff

采购助理 Purchasing Assistant

选址拓展 Location Development

其他 Others

毕业论文翻译

It's show time||它是表演时间. After months of preparation, your company's initial public offering (IPO) will start trading this morning||在数个月的准备之后, 你的提供 (IPO) 的公司开始民众将会开始今天早晨进行贸易. You spent yesterday afternoon anxiously tracking the market||你昨天午后忧虑地花费了追踪市场. The investment bankers canvassed their institutional brokers to assess interest in your stock||投资银行业者彻底检查他们的制度经纪人估定对你的存货的兴趣. The company finance and accounting staff have spent countless hours preparing for the day||公司财务和会计职员已经度过准备那天的数不尽的小时. The final decision: The company will sell 2 million shares at $20 each, for a total offering of $40 million||最后的决定: 公司将会卖二百万部份在 $20 每个, 对于四千万元的完全提供.

The investment bankers say demand for your IPO looks strong, and they expect your stock to open with a "pop||投资银行业者说对你的 IPO 的要求看起来强壮, 和他们期待你的存货打开一 "取出." That prediction proves true—the shares open at $23 and the price moves steadily higher throughout the trading day, finally closing at||那一个预测证明真实的-部份公开在 $23 和价格整个～期间贸易日子稳定地更高地移动, 最后关闭在 $25. Although the stock's strong first-day performance is gratifying, you can't shake the feeling that you might have mispriced the IPO||虽然存货的强烈第一-日子的表现是悦人的，但是你不能摇动那个感觉你可能标错价格 IPO. The calculations run through your mind: Each $1 increase in the offering price would have generated $2 million more for the company||跑过你的思想的计算: 每个 $1 的增加提供价格会产生 $另外二百万个为公司.

The thought nags you—did you sell too cheaply||想法不断地唠叨恼人你-你太廉宜卖吗?

When an IPO quickly moves to a significantly higher price during its first day on the market, it's natural to wonder if the investment bankers—and the issuing company's officers—didn't misprice the deal||当 IPO 很快地在它的第一天期间在市场上移动到重要比较高的价格的时候，天然的是想知道是否投资银行业者-和发行公司的官员-没有标错价格交易. Although the market for IPOs has cooled recently, some offerings still post impressive first-day gains||虽然给 IPOs 的市场最近已经冷却, 一些提供仍然邮寄令人印象深刻的第一-日子得到. In mid-June, for example, 6 million shares of GOTO.com came to market at $15 and closed at $22.375, after trading as high as||在六月中, 举例来说, GOTO.com 的六百万部份被提出在市场上销售在 $15 而且关闭在 $22.375, 在进行贸易之后当做高度地当做 $28.50. Not too long ago, Internet and technology IPOs routinely doubled in value on their first day||不是太长以前, 在他们的第一天在价值通常两倍的英特网和技术 IPOs. That kind of volatility makes it inevitable to second-guess||那种挥发性使它不可避免到第二-猜测.

The MarketWatch.com offering exemplifies the incredible demand that has existed for these issues||MarketWatch.com 提供例证已经为这些议题存在的难以置信的要求. The company, an online financial news service, went public January 15, 1999, with an offering price of||公司 , 一个在线财务的通讯社,一月 15 日公开发售股票了,1999, 藉由提供价格 $17. It closed the day at $97.50, an increase of||它关闭了那天在 $97.50, 增加 474%. In another instance, theglobe.com went up 606%, from $9 to $63.50 on its first day, in November||在另外的一个例证中， theglobe.com 上涨 606%了,从 $9 到 $63.50 在它的第一天, 在十一月 1998.

These enormous price surges raise questions about whether traditional valuation methods remain valid||这些巨大的价格巨涌到处提出疑问是否传统的评价方法保持有效. Not surprisingly, however, investment bankers and CFOs who have taken their companies public recently dispute the notion that IPO pricing rules have changed||不是令人惊讶地,然而，投资银行业者和最近已经带他们的公司民众的 CFOs 争论观念 IPO 订价的规则已经改变.

WHAT'S IN A NUMBER||什么在一个数字中?

Investment bankers say the valuation process is as much an art as a science||投资银行业者说评价程序是像一个科学一样的很多一种艺术. The scientific part of the pricing equation is based on numbers: an issuer's historical and projected financial results, as well as valuations for comparable companies||订价相等的科学部份以数字为基础: 发行者的历史而且为可比较的公司计画了财务的结果 , 连同评价. The art is in the investment banker's assessment of market conditions and investors' demand for the new issue||艺术在投资银行业者的市场情况和投资者的评估对新的议题要求.

"Pricing an IPO is always a function of the valuation," says Charles J||订定 IPO 的价格总是评价的一个功能," 说查尔斯 J. Kaplan, president of Equity Analytics||Kaplan, 公正分析学的总统. "That's what you have to determine first||那是你必须决定第一的."

Kaplan, whose company advises privately held firms wishing to go public, points to a range of valuation multiples used to estimate a company's market value||Kaplan, 公司私下劝告拿着了公司想要公开发售股票 , 多种的评价倍数的点过去一直估计一个公司的市场价格. "Let's assume a food distributor or a food processing company wants to go public||让我们承担一个食物经销商或者一家食品加工公司想要公开发售股票. We look at income before interest and dividends and put a multiple on that||我们在兴趣和被除数之前审查收入而且把倍数放在那. If it is a relatively slow-growth industry, the multiple will be lower; if it's a fast-growing company, we'll use a higher multiple||如果它是一相对地慢地-生长业, 倍数将会比较低; 如果它是一家斋戒-成长的公司, 我们将会使用较高的倍数. The multiple probably won't go higher than 10 or lower than 2 or||倍数或许将不去比较高地超过 10 或低的超过 2 或 3."

Estimating a company's value begins well in advance of the IPO date||估计一个公司的价值在 IPO 日期之前开始得好. Businesses planning to go public typically interview several investment banking firms before selecting one to underwrite the offering||计划典型地公开发售股票的生意在选择一签名于下提供之前接见一些投资银行业公司. The investment bankers, in turn, investigate the company to determine if they want to handle the deal||如果他们想要处理交易，在旋转的投资银行业者调查公司决定. They perform a detailed review of the company's finances, the quality of its management team and the company's position in its major markets||他们运行公司的财务的详细检讨, 它的经营团队和公司的位置的质量在它的主要市场中. The investment bankers also consider "comparables," which are publicly traded companies in the same industry as the IPO candidate||投资银行业者也考虑在如同 IPO 候选人一般的工业中公然地被交易公司的 "可比较的 ,".

Selecting the right comparables is straightforward when working with established companies in clearly defined or mature industries||选择那正确的可比较的是笔直的当在清楚地定义与确定的公司合作的时候或成熟的工业. It is more challenging, though, to find appropriate benchmarks for younger companies, especially those in new and rapidly changing industries||它更挑战性,虽然, 为较年轻的公司找适当的基点, 尤其那些在新的和快速地变更工业. William J||威廉 J. Ruehle, CFO of Broadcom in Irvine, California—a broadband-communications integrated circuits manufacturer that went public in April 1998—stresses the need for flexibility in developing comparisons||Ruehle, 在欧文的 Broadcom 的 CFO, 加州-一个宽频-沟通整合了在 1998 年四月公开发售股票的线路制造业者-在发展中的比较中强调对柔性的需要. "The universe of comparables is constantly changing, so you're always challenged to find the right firms," he points out||宇宙可比较的正在不变地变更, 因此你总是被挑战找正确的公司," 他指出. "We started with comparable communications-semiconductor companies, then we broadened that to companies that have a unique franchise||我们从可比较的沟通-半导体的公司开始了,然后我们对有一个独特的许可的公司变宽了那. The established companies have one type of multiple||确定的公司有倍数的一个类型. As a new company, should we have a better multiple initially or perhaps a lower multiple because our track record is shorter||如一家新的公司，我们应该最初有较好的倍数吗或者也许较低的倍数因为我们的记录比较短?" Despite the tepid IPO market, Ruehle says, "I would say the current pricing practice definitely favors higher multiples for very promising new companies||尽管微温的 IPO 市场， Ruehle 说,"我会说现在的订价练习一定为非常有希望的新公司支持较高的倍数."

But how do you value a company—such as an Internet-related business that's pioneering a new activity—when there are no comparables||但是你如何评价一家公司-像是正在提倡一个新的活动的英特网讲的生意-何时没有可比较的? To compound the difficulty, how do you value a young business that shows losses despite rapidly growing revenues||混合困难, 你如何评价尽管快速增加的收入表示损失的年轻的生意? It's a challenge, but one that Wall Street has overcome before||它是挑战 , 但是以前，华尔街有克服.

"In the past, a company had to show profits and reasonable revenue growth to do an IPO," Kaplan notes||过去，一家公司必须表示利润和合理的收入生长做 IPO," Kaplan 注意. "Then the cable TV companies came along, in the 1970s and 1980s||然后有线电视公司进展了, 在 1970 年代和 1980 年代中. They needed to do IPOs, but they were showing increasing losses because they had had very large capital expenditures to build and maintain their networks||他们需要做 IPOs, 但是因为他们已经有非常大的首都开支建立并且维持他们的网络，他们是成绩逐渐增加的损失. Investment bankers recognized that the companies were showing large increases in revenue and the losses would dissipate over time because the companies had large customer bases that would buy the service month after month||因为公司有了一月一月地会买服务的大的客户基础，所以投资银行业者辨认出公司正在表现了 , 收入的大增加和损失会使过了时间发泄."

A NEW MODEL||一个新的模型

The solution: Change the valuation model||解决: 改变评价模型. "Instead of valuing the cable companies traditionally, at some multiple of earnings, for example, they valued the firms based on their installed customer base," Kaplan says||而非传统地评价电缆公司，在所得的一些倍数，举例来说，他们评价了以他们的安装客户基础为基础的公司," Kaplan 说. "This led to a valuation multiple based on the cable company's subscribers||这导致了以电缆公司的签署者为基础的评价倍数."

Today's Internet companies are forcing a similar revision||今天的英特网公司正在强迫相似的校订. Since many show losses, investment bankers are focusing on revenue growth, industry leadership and projected profit potential to establish benchmarks||自从许多表演损失以后, 投资银行业者是把重心集中在收入生长, 工业领导而且计画了利润潜能建立基点. "Early profitability is not the key to value in a company like this," says Jerry Kennelly, CPA and CFO of Inktomi, San Mateo, California||早的收益性不是在一家像这的公司中评价的关键," 杰瑞狗舍说, CPA 和 Inktomi ，桑河 Mateo 的 CFO 加州. "You must look at the potential of the firm's markets and its revenue growth potential in evaluating stocks like ours||你一定在评估存货同类我们的方面看公司的市场的潜能和它的收入生长潜能. It would be a disservice to our shareholders if we didn't make the right investments at this stage to gain important market share just for the sake of early profitability||如果我们在现阶段没有作正确的投资为了早的收益性仅仅得到重要的市场占有率，它会是对我们的股东的一个伤害."

Inktomi, founded in February 1996, builds the software infrastructure for large Internet portal sites||Inktomi,在 1996 年二月发现, 为大的网路入门位置建立软件系统内各部分. The Inktomi IPO's offering price on June 10, 1998, was $18 per share, and the stock doubled to $36 on the first day||Inktomi IPO 的提供 1998 年六月 10 日定价格, 是每部份 $18, 和存货人两倍到 $36 在第一天. Kennelly reports that there was some give-and-take with the investment bankers over the benchmarks and the offering price||狗舍报告和投资银行业者在基点和提供价格之上有一些互让. "You make projections and the investment bankers discount what you say by some factor that they believe is appropriate||你作发射和投资银行业者打折你所藉着一些因素说他们相信的很适当. You try to find the most authoritative market data you can||你试着找最权威的市场数据你能."

纳斯达克指数是指什么？

纳斯达克综合指数是反映纳斯达克证券市场行情变化的股票价美股三大指数遭重挫格平均指数，基本指数为100。纳斯达克的上市公司涵盖所有新技术行业，包括软件和计算机、电信、生物技术、零售和批发贸易等。主要由美国的数百家发展最快的先进技术、电信和生物公司组成，包括微软、英特尔、美国在线、雅虎这些家喻户晓的高科技公司，因而成为美国"新经济"的代名词。

纳斯达克综合指数是代表各工业门类的市场价值变化的晴雨表。因此，纳斯达克综合指数相比标准普尔500指数、道·琼斯工业指数(它仅包括30个著名大工商业公司，20家运输业公司和15家公用事业大公司)更具有综合性。纳斯达克综合指数包括5000多家公司，超过其他任何单一证券市场。因为它有如此广泛的基础，已成为最有影响力的证券市场指数之一。

1971年2月8日，股票交易发生了革命性的创新。那一天一个称之为纳斯达克(Nasdaq全美债券交易商自动报价)的系统为2,400只优质的场外交易(OTC)股票提供实时的买卖报价。在以前，这些不在主板上市的股票报价是由主要交易商和持有详细名单的经纪人公司提供的。纳斯达克链接着全国500多家造市商的终端，形成了计算机系统的中心。

公司的官职级别的英语

1、GM：General Manager 总经理 

2、VP：Vice President 副总裁FVP（First Vice President）第一副总裁 AVP：Assistant Vice 

3、President 副总裁助理 HRD：Human Resource Director 人力资源总监 OD：Operations 

4、Director 运营总监 MD：Marketing Director 市场总监 OM：Operations Manager 运作经理 

5、PM：Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理) 注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份） 

6、BM（Branch Manager）部门经理 DM（District Manager）区域经理 RM（Regional Manager）区域经理

7、AAD〔Associated Account Director〕副客户总监 AAD〔Associated Art Director〕副美术指导 

8、ACD〔Associated Creative Director〕副创作总监 AD 〔Account Director〕客户服务总监、业务指导 

9.AD〔Art Director〕美术指导（在创作部可以独挡一面执行美术指导工作的美术监督） 

扩展资料：

公司部门英语写法

行政部Administrative Department

财务部Financial Department

质量管理部 Quality Control Department

营销部Sales Department

营运部Operation Department

技术部 Technology Department

维修部门 Maintenance Department

人力资源部Human Resources Department

客户服务部 Customer Service Department

参考资料来源：百度百科-部门

OPS是什么的简称或缩写呢？请各位大虾指教。

OPS Operations

****** OPS Options (stock)

****** OPS Omaha Public Schools

****** OPS Ontario Public Service (Canada)

****** OPS Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Pan American Health Organization)

****** OPS OPSEC (Operations Security) Professionals Society

****** OPS Office of Pipeline Safety (US DoT)

****** OPS Office of Public Safety

****** OPS Office of the Press Secretary (Philippines)

***** OPS Oracle Parallel Server

***** OPS Operations Squadron

***** OPS Opetussuunnitelma (Finnish: curriculum)

***** OPS On-Base Percentage + Slugging Percentage (baseball)

***** OPS Operations Per Second

***** OPS Optical Sensor

**** OPS Ottawa Police Service (Ontario, Canada)

**** OPS Office of Professional Standards

**** OPS Operator Status (IRC)

**** OPS Operator Services

**** OPS Other Personal Services

**** OPS Oil Pressure Switch

**** OPS Open Profiling Standard

**** OPS Oriented Polystyrene

**** OPS Other Personnel Services

**** OPS Optical Packet Switching

**** OPS Division of Oil and Public Safety (Colorado)

**** OPS Order Processing System (Sprint)

*** OPS Orthogonal Polarization Spectral (microscopy)

*** OPS Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssel (German equivalent of the US Procedure Coding System)

*** OPS Ophthalmic Photographers' Society

*** OPS Objective Pain Scale

*** OPS Ontario Public Sector

*** OPS Optically Pumped Semiconductor

*** OPS Optimized Print Services (Konica Minolta)

*** OPS Office of Price Stabilization (US government)

*** OPS Ontario Provincial Standards

*** OPS Oxygen Purge System (space program)

*** OPS Oferta Pública de Suscripción (de Acciones) (Spanish: Initial Public Offering)

*** OPS Off-Premise Station

*** OPS Office of Personnel Security

*** OPS Options for Personal Security

*** OPS Operations Shelter

*** OPS Operational Cash Flow per Share (method for analyzing stocks)

*** OPS Oxidized Porous Silicon (substrate)

*** OPS Optical Position Sensor

*** OPS Organic Photo Conductor

*** OPS Osteoporosis-Pseudoglioma Syndrome

*** OPS Operational Program Software (flight management)

*** OPS Online Premium Services

*** OPS Open Profiling System (W3C)

** OPS Overpressure Protection System

** OPS Outside Professional Services

** OPS Operational Project Stocks

** OPS OPTera Packet Solution (Nortel Networks)

* OPS Operations Process System (Bellcore)

* OPS Operating Subsystem

* OPS Online Promotion System

* OPS Orbital Prosthetic Supplies (Crawley, West Sussex, UK)

* OPS Organ Placement Specialist

* OPS Optical Pulse Simulation

* OPS Operator Position Subsystem

* OPS Operations Provisionable System (ATT)

* OPS One-way Paging Service

* OPS Operations Productivity System

* OPS Optical Picture Stabilization (cameras)

* OPS Optional Pension Scheme (various organizations)

《自然》（20220317出版）一周论文导读

编译 | 李言

Nature , 17 March 2022, Volume 603 Issue 7901

《自然》 2022年3月17日，第603卷，7901期

化学 Chemistry

High-resolution laser resonances of antiprotonic helium in superfluid 4He

超流体4He中反质子氦的高分辨率激光共振

作者：Anna Sótér, Hossein Aghai-Khozani et al.

链接：

摘要

在此，我们展示了当一个具有反质子成分的奇异氦原子被嵌入到超流氦中时，它的可见波长谱线保持了亚千兆赫的线宽。当原子周围的液体转变为超流相时，反质子激光共振线宽突然减小。

这就解决了电子和反质子之间自旋-自旋相互作用所产生的超精细结构，相对光谱分辨率为106的两部分，尽管反质子氦位于正常物质原子的密集矩阵中。在激光激发期间，反质子原子的电子壳层保持一个大约40皮米的小半径。

这意味着，其他含有反核的氦原子以及带负电荷的介子和超子，包括在超流氦中形成的奇异夸克，可以通过具有高光谱分辨率的激光光谱学来研究，从而能够确定粒子的质量。清晰的光谱线可以探测到宇宙射线的反质子，也可以搜索到滞留在液氦目标中的反氘核。

Abstract

Here we show that when an exotic helium atom with a constituent antiproton is embedded into superfluid helium, its visible-wavelength spectral line retains a sub-gigahertz linewidth. An abrupt reduction in the linewidth of the antiprotonic laser resonance was observed when the liquid surrounding the atom transitioned into the superfluid phase. This resolved the hyperfine structure arising from the spin–spin interaction between the electron and antiproton with a relative spectral resolution of two parts in 106, even though the antiprotonic helium resided in a dense matrix of normal matter atoms. The electron shell of the antiprotonic atom retains a small radius of approximately 40 picometres during the laser excitation. This implies that other helium atoms containing antinuclei, as well as negatively charged mesons and hyperons that include strange quarks formed in superfluid helium, may be studied by laser spectroscopy with a high spectral resolution, enabling the determination of the particle masses. The sharp spectral lines may enable the detection of cosmic-ray antiprotons or searches for antideuterons that come to rest in liquid helium targets.

Flat-surface-assisted and self-regulated oxidation resistance of Cu(111)

平坦表面和自调节抗氧化性能的铜薄膜材料Cu(111)

作者：Su Jae Kim, Yong In Kim, Bipin Lamichhane et al.

链接：

摘要

氧化会降低铜的性能，而铜的性能对其使用至关重要，尤其是在半导体工业和电光应用中。在此，我们展示半永久抗氧化的铜薄膜制备，因为它们由平坦的表面组成，只有偶发单原子台阶。第一性原理计算证实，单原子台阶边缘与平坦表面一样不受氧的影响，并且一旦达到50%氧面心立方FCC表面位置覆盖率，氧原子表面吸附就被抑制。这些综合效应解释了超平摊铜表面特殊的抗氧化性。

Abstract

Oxidation can deteriorate the properties of copper that are critical for its use, particularly in the semiconductor industry and electro-optics applications. Here we report the fabrication of copper thin films that are semi-permanently oxidation resistant because they consist of flat surfaces with only occasional mono-atomic steps. First-principles calculations confirm that mono-atomic step edges are as impervious to oxygen as flat surfaces and that surface adsorption of O atoms is suppressed once an oxygen face-centred cubic (fcc) surface site coverage of 50% has been reached. These combined effects explain the exceptional oxidation resistance of ultraflat Cu surfaces.

物理学 Physics

Unbiasing fermionic quantum Monte Carlo with a quantum computer

无偏的费米子量子蒙特卡罗与量子计算机

作者：William J. Huggins, Bryan A. O’Gorman, Nicholas C. Rubin, David R. Reichman, Ryan Babbush Joonho Lee

链接：

摘要

用约束来控制费米符号问题保证了量子蒙特卡罗计算（QMC）的效率，但代价是由于经典计算的灵活性有限而可能存在显著的偏差。

在此，我们提出了一种将QMC与量子计算相结合的方法来减少这种偏差。我们的方案在实验中实现了，我们使用了多达16个量子位来进行无偏约束QMC计算，这些计算是在多达120个轨道的化学系统上进行的。

这些实验代表了在量子计算机的帮助下进行的最大的化学模拟，同时实现了与最先进的经典方法竞争的精度，而不需要负担的错误缓解。

与流行的变分量子本征求解器相比，我们的量子-经典混合计算模型为电子结构问题提供了另一种实现实际量子优势的途径，而不需要非常精确的基态波函数的制备和测量。

Abstract

Controlling the fermionic sign problem with constraints ensures the efficiency of QMC at the expense of potentially significant biases owing to the limited flexibility of classical computation. Here we propose an approach that combines constrained QMC with quantum computation to reduce such biases. We implement our scheme experimentally using up to 16 qubits to unbias constrained QMC calculations performed on chemical systems with as many as 120 orbitals. These experiments represent the largest chemistry simulations performed with the help of quantum computers, while achieving accuracy that is competitive with state-of-the-art classical methods without burdensome error mitigation. Compared with the popular variational quantum eigensolver, our hybrid quantum-classical computational model offers an alternative path towards achieving a practical quantum advantage for the electronic structure problem without demanding exceedingly accurate preparation and measurement of the ground-state wavefunction.

HighlWind dispersal of battery-free wireless devices

风扩散的无电池无线设备

作者：Vikram Iyer, Hans Gaensbauer, Thomas L. Daniel Shyamnath Gollakota

链接：

摘要

植物覆盖了地球陆地的很大一部分，尽管大多数物种都不能运动。为了运输繁殖后代，许多植物进化出了利用风传播种子的机制。

例如，蒲公英的种子有一种刚毛状的丝状结构，可以降低其末端速度，并在种子飘向地面时帮助其定位。受此启发，我们在此展示无电池无线的风扩散传感设备。我们的毫米级设备重量为30毫克，基于一个灵活的基板上，使用可编程的、现成的部件，为各种传感和计算应用提供可扩展性和灵活性。

该系统使用轻型太阳能电池和能量收集电路供电，电路对低光照和可变光照条件非常稳定，并有一个反向散射通信链路，可以实现数据传输。

为了实现太阳能收集所必需的大面积分散和垂直降落，我们开发了蒲公英启发的薄膜多孔结构，其终端速度为0.87 0.02米/秒，空气动力学稳定性，垂直降落的概率超过95%。户外环境实验的结果表明，这些设备可以在轻柔到正常的微风中移动50-100米。

最后，在自然系统中，个别种子形态的差异导致一些种子落得更近，而另一些则传播得更远。我们采用了类似的方法，并展示了我们如何调节结构的孔隙度和直径，以实现设备间的分散变化。

Abstract

Plants cover a large fraction of the Earth’s land mass despite most species having limited to no mobility. To transport their propagules, many plants have evolved mechanisms to disperse their seeds using the wind. A dandelion seed, for example, has a bristly filament structure that decreases its terminal velocity and helps orient the seed as it wafts to the ground. Inspired by this, we demonstrate wind dispersal of battery-free wireless sensing devices. Our millimetre-scale devices weigh 30 milligrams and are designed on a flexible substrate using programmable, off-the-shelf parts to enable scalability and flexibility for various sensing and computing applications. The system is powered using lightweight solar cells and an energy harvesting circuit that is robust to low and variable light conditions, and has a backscatter communication link that enables data transmission. To achieve the wide-area dispersal and upright landing that is necessary for solar power harvesting, we developed dandelion-inspired, thin-film porous structures that achieve a terminal velocity of 0.87  0.02 metres per second and aerodynamic stability with a probability of upright landing of over 95%. Our results in outdoor environments demonstrate that these devices can travel 50–100 metres in gentle to moderate breeze. Finally, in natural systems, variance in inpidual seed morphology causes some seeds to fall closer and others to travel farther. We adopt a similar approach and show how we can modulate the porosity and diameter of the structures to achieve dispersal variation across devices.

地球科学 Geoscience

Limited increases in savanna carbon stocks over decades of fire suppression

几十年没有火灾的稀树草原碳储量的增长有限

作者：Yong Zhou, Jenia Singh, John R. Butnor, Corli Coetsee, Peter B. Boucher, Madelon F. Case, Evan G. Hockridge, Andrew B. Davies A. Carla Staver

链接：

摘要

在此，我们提供了一个首次直接评估一个60年没有火灾的非洲湿地大草原整个生态系统碳响应

我们发现灭火增加整个生态系统碳储存只有35.4 12%（平均值 标准错误），即使树木覆盖增加了78.9 29.3%，相应的总收益为23.0 6.1 Mg C ha 1 平均约为0.35 0.09 Mg C ha 1 year 1 ，低于之前的设想。

经常被烧毁的稀树草原地下有大量的碳，特别是在生物量和深层土壤中。这些地下水库在造林或灭火计划中没有得到充分考虑，但这可能意味着热带稀树草原的十年封存潜力是微不足道的，特别是与随之而来的生物多样性和功能损失相比。

Abstract

Here we provide one of the first direct estimates of whole-ecosystem carbon response to more than 60 years of fire exclusion in a mesic African savanna. We found that fire suppression increased whole-ecosystem carbon storage by only 35.4   12% (mean   standard error), even though tree cover increased by 78.9   29.3%, corresponding to total gains of 23.0   6.1 Mg C ha 1 at an average of about 0.35   0.09 Mg C ha 1  year 1 , more than an order of magnitude lower than previously assumed. Frequently burned savannas had substantial belowground carbon, especially in biomass and deep soils. These belowground reservoirs are not fully considered in afforestation or fire-suppression schemes but may mean that the decadal sequestration potential of savannas is negligible, especially weighed against concomitant losses of biopersity and function.

化学 Chemistry

New land-use-change emissions indicate a declining CO2 airborne fraction

新的土地利用变化排放表明空气中二氧化碳的比例在下降

作者：Margreet J. E. van Marle, Dave van Wees, Richard A. Houghton, Robert D. Field, Jan Verbesselt Guido. R. van der Werf

链接：

摘要

在此，我们使用可见性数据在关键的森林砍伐区构建了一个土地利用与土地覆盖变化（LULCC）排放数据集。这些可见性观测与火灾排放相关，而火灾排放又与LULCC相关。虽然这是间接的，但它提供了一个长期一致的LULCC排放数据集，表明自1958年开始CO2浓度测量以来，热带森林砍伐排放大幅增加。

到目前为止，这些排放被认为是相对稳定的，导致空气中的比例不断增加。然而，我们的结果表明，自1959年以来，大气中CO2含量下降了0.014 0.010 decade 1。这表明，陆地-海洋联合汇的增长速度至少与人为排放的增长速度一样快。

Abstract

Here we construct a LULCC emissions dataset using visibility data in key deforestation zones. These visibility observations are a proxy for fire emissions, which are — in turn — related to LULCC. Although indirect, this provides a long-term consistent dataset of LULCC emissions, showing that tropical deforestation emissions increased substantially (0.16 Pg C decade 1) since the start of CO2 concentration measurements in 1958. So far, these emissions were thought to be relatively stable, leading to an increasing airborne fraction. Our results, however, indicate that the CO2 airborne fraction has decreased by 0.014   0.010 decade 1 since 1959. This suggests that the combined land–ocean sink has been able to grow at least as fast as anthropogenic emissions.

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